USA Glossary and Reference Guide to 3D Printing Terminology and Concepts

Glossary of 3D Printing Terms [44]

B Backlash Backlash is a mechanical issue in 3D printing where there is unintended movement or slack in the printer's motion system. It occurs when the direction of movement changes, causing a delay in the response of belts, pulleys, or gears. Backlash can result in artifacts such as misaligned layers or uneven dimensions, especially in prints with intricate geometries. Addressing backlash involves tightening belts, ensuring proper gear alignment, or using backlash compensation features in firmware. Maintaining a well-calibrated printer helps minimize the effects of backlash and improves overall print accuracy.
Backlash Compensation Backlash compensation is a feature in 3D printer firmware or slicer software that corrects the effects of backlash in mechanical systems. Backlash occurs when loose belts, gears, or screws cause slight delays or inaccuracies in movement. Compensation adjusts motor commands to account for this slack, ensuring precise positioning and consistent prints. Properly calibrated backlash compensation improves dimensional accuracy, especially for intricate models or high-speed printing.
Backup Filament Backup filament refers to an additional spool of filament kept on hand to ensure uninterrupted printing, especially for large or long-duration prints. Some advanced 3D printers feature filament sensors that automatically switch to a backup filament spool when the primary spool runs out. Having backup filament is essential for avoiding failed prints due to filament depletion. It also allows users to switch colors or materials seamlessly during multi-material or aesthetic projects. Proper storage of backup filament, such as in a dry, sealed container, is crucial to maintain its quality and usability.
Base Layer The base layer, also known as the first layer, is the foundation of a 3D print. It is the most critical layer for print success, as it establishes the adhesion between the model and the build plate. A properly printed base layer should have even thickness, consistent extrusion, and no gaps or overlaps. Issues like poor bed leveling or incorrect nozzle height can lead to weak adhesion, warping, or print detachment. Many slicer programs allow users to slow down the speed of the base layer or adjust its extrusion width to improve its stability.
Beam Thickness Beam thickness is a parameter in 3D printing design that refers to the minimum width or diameter of structural elements within a model. It determines the strength, durability, and printability of the object. Thin beams may result in weak or failed prints, especially if the layer height and nozzle diameter are not properly matched. Slicer software often includes minimum thickness recommendations based on the printer's capabilities and the material used. Ensuring appropriate beam thickness is critical for creating functional and stable prints, particularly for engineering applications.
Bed Adhesion Bed adhesion refers to the ability of the first layer of a 3D print to stick to the build plate. Proper bed adhesion is critical for avoiding print failures, such as warping or shifting. Techniques to improve adhesion include using heated beds, applying adhesives (glue, tape, or sprays), and ensuring the bed is leveled. Different materials require varying adhesion strategies; for instance, PLA adheres easily, while ABS may need a heated enclosure. Good bed adhesion ensures stability throughout the printing process and helps achieve high-quality results, especially for large or complex models
Bed Calibration Bed calibration is the process of aligning the build plate to ensure it is level and positioned at the correct height relative to the nozzle. This step is essential for achieving even layer heights and good adhesion. Manual bed calibration involves adjusting screws on the build plate, while auto-calibration uses sensors or probes to automate the process. Proper calibration prevents issues like uneven layers, warping, and nozzle clogs. Regular calibration, especially after moving or assembling a printer, ensures consistent print quality.
Bed Calibration Bed calibration is the process of aligning the build plate to ensure it is level and positioned at the correct height relative to the nozzle. This step is essential for achieving even layer heights and good adhesion. Manual bed calibration involves adjusting screws on the build plate, while auto-calibration uses sensors or probes to automate the process. Proper calibration prevents issues like uneven layers, warping, and nozzle clogs. Regular calibration, especially after moving or assembling a printer, ensures consistent print quality.
Bed Insulation Bed insulation is the process of adding an insulating material to the underside of the heated build plate to improve heat retention and energy efficiency. Insulation materials, such as cork or silicone mats, help maintain consistent bed temperatures, which is crucial for materials like ABS or nylon that are prone to warping. By reducing heat loss, bed insulation also shortens warm-up times and lowers energy consumption. Properly insulated beds contribute to better print quality and adhesion, particularly in printers used in colder or drafty environments.
Bed Leveling Bed leveling is the process of ensuring the build plate is perfectly parallel to the printer’s nozzle to achieve consistent layer height and proper adhesion. Improper leveling can result in issues like uneven layers, poor adhesion, or failed prints. Bed leveling can be done manually, using screws to adjust the bed height, or automatically, with sensors or probes that detect the distance between the nozzle and the bed. Regular leveling, especially before starting a new print, is crucial for achieving high-quality results and reducing printing errors.
Bed Scraper A bed scraper is a tool used to remove 3D prints from the build plate after completion. Typically made of metal or plastic, the scraper is designed to safely lift prints without damaging the build surface. Using a sharp or improperly angled scraper can scratch or chip the plate, so care is required during use. Specialized scrapers with beveled edges or flexible blades are available for delicate surfaces like glass or PEI sheets.
Belt Alignment Belt alignment refers to ensuring that the belts driving a 3D printer’s X and Y axes are properly positioned and tensioned. Misaligned belts can lead to issues like layer shifting, uneven movements, or noisy operation. Regularly checking belt alignment and using tensioners to make fine adjustments are crucial for maintaining printer accuracy. Properly aligned belts result in smoother motion, better print quality, and consistent dimensional accuracy for complex models.
Belt Drive A belt drive is a mechanical system used in 3D printers to move the print head or build plate along the X and Y axes. It consists of a belt, pulleys, and motors, providing smooth and precise motion. Belt drives are popular in FDM printers due to their reliability, low cost, and ease of maintenance. Properly tensioned belts ensure accurate positioning and reduce artifacts like ghosting or layer shifts. Regular inspection and maintenance of the belt drive system are essential for consistent performance, particularly in high-speed or large-format printers.
Belt Tension Belt tension refers to the tightness of the belts that drive the X and Y axes in a 3D printer. Proper tension ensures accurate movement and prevents artifacts such as layer shifting or inconsistent dimensions. Loose belts can cause wobbling or misaligned prints, while overly tight belts may strain the printer's motors or lead to mechanical wear. Many printers include adjustable tensioners to fine-tune belt tension. Regularly checking and maintaining belt tension is essential for achieving precise, high-quality prints, particularly for complex or detailed models.
Benchy A Benchy, short for "benchmark," is a popular 3D printing test model used to evaluate a printer's performance and calibration. Shaped like a small boat, it includes features like overhangs, bridges, and intricate details to test various aspects of a printer’s capabilities, such as accuracy, extrusion, and cooling. Benchy prints are commonly used for troubleshooting and comparing different printer settings or filaments. A successfully printed Benchy indicates that the printer is well-calibrated and capable of producing high-quality prints.
Binder Jetting Binder Jetting is a 3D printing process that uses a liquid binding agent to bond layers of powdered material, such as metal, ceramic, or sand, to form a part. In this method, a thin layer of powder is spread over the build platform, and a print head deposits the binder in specific areas, solidifying the material layer by layer. Once the printing process is complete, the part is removed from the powder bed and may require post-processing, such as sintering or infiltration, to enhance its strength and durability. Binder Jetting is valued for its ability to produce complex geometries, high resolution, and scalable production, often used for creating prototypes, molds, and functional parts.
Binder Jetting Binder jetting is a 3D printing technology that uses a liquid binding agent to adhere layers of powdered material, such as metal, ceramics, or sandstone. The process builds objects layer by layer, with the binder acting as an adhesive between particles. Binder jetting is popular for producing detailed prototypes, molds, or full-color models. Post-processing, such as sintering or infiltration, is often required to achieve full strength. Binder jetting stands out for its speed, low cost, and ability to print with a wide range of materials.
Blob A blob is a common 3D printing defect characterized by an unwanted lump of material on the surface of a print. Blobs are often caused by over-extrusion, improper retraction settings, or filament oozing during non-printing moves. They can affect the aesthetic and functional quality of a print, especially in detailed models. Reducing print temperature, adjusting retraction settings, and ensuring the nozzle is clean can help prevent blobs. Advanced slicers also include features like coasting, which stops extrusion slightly before the end of a line, minimizing material buildup.
Blobbing Blobbing occurs in 3D printing when excess material accumulates on specific areas of a print, creating unwanted lumps or irregularities. This defect is often caused by over-extrusion, excessive nozzle temperature, or poor retraction settings. Blobs can disrupt the surface quality of the print and may interfere with the model's functionality. To minimize blobbing, users can optimize retraction settings, adjust print temperatures, and ensure proper filament feeding. Advanced slicers often include features like coasting or wiping to reduce material buildup at the end of extrusion paths.
Blowout Blowout is a 3D printing issue where excessive pressure in the nozzle causes filament to extrude uncontrollably, resulting in defects or damaged prints. Blowouts are typically caused by nozzle clogs, incorrect temperature settings, or improper retraction. To prevent blowouts, users should regularly clean the nozzle, use high-quality filament, and ensure proper extrusion settings in the slicer. Blowouts can disrupt the print’s surface and may require restarting the print to achieve desired results.
Borosilicate Glass Bed A borosilicate glass bed is a durable and heat-resistant build surface used in 3D printing. Known for its smooth finish and excellent thermal stability, it provides a level, non-deforming surface for prints. Borosilicate glass beds are compatible with various adhesives and work well with materials like PLA, ABS, and PETG. After cooling, prints often release easily from the surface, reducing the risk of damage during removal. Regular cleaning of the glass bed ensures consistent adhesion and print quality.
Boundary Layers Boundary layers are the outermost layers of a 3D-printed model that form its external surface. These layers are critical for determining the print's appearance and structural integrity. Boundary layers are affected by slicer settings like wall thickness, print speed, and extrusion width. Higher wall counts or thicker boundary layers improve strength but may increase print time. Proper cooling and nozzle temperature are essential to achieve smooth, defect-free boundary layers. They play a vital role in both the aesthetics and functionality of the final print.
Bowden Tube A Bowden tube is a flexible, hollow tube used in some 3D printers to guide the filament from the extruder to the hot end. It is an essential component in Bowden-style extrusion systems, where the extruder motor is mounted away from the hot end, typically on the printer frame. This setup reduces the weight of the moving print head, allowing for faster and more precise movements. The tube is typically made from low-friction materials like PTFE (Teflon) to minimize resistance as the filament travels through it. However, Bowden tubes can be less effective with flexible filaments, as these materials may buckle or kink during extrusion due to the distance and reduced direct control over the filament.
Brass Nozzle A brass nozzle is a commonly used component in FDM 3D printers that directs molten filament onto the build plate. Brass nozzles are affordable, offer good thermal conductivity, and are suitable for printing standard filaments like PLA, ABS, and PETG. However, they are prone to wear when used with abrasive materials like carbon fiber or metal-infused filaments. To extend the nozzle’s lifespan, users may switch to hardened steel or ruby-tipped nozzles for abrasive printing. Regular cleaning and replacement of brass nozzles help maintain print quality.
Breakaway Support Breakaway support is a type of support material used in 3D printing that can be manually removed after the print is complete. Unlike soluble supports, which dissolve in a solution, breakaway supports are designed to be easily snapped off without damaging the model. They are often used for models with overhangs, bridges, or complex geometries. Proper settings in slicer software, such as support density and spacing, ensure that breakaway supports provide sufficient stability during printing while remaining easy to remove. Breakaway supports are cost-effective and widely used for functional and aesthetic prints.
Bridge Support Bridge support refers to the temporary structures generated during 3D printing to assist in creating bridges, which are horizontal spans of material printed between two points without direct support underneath. While bridging attempts to print mid-air, bridge supports can be added to prevent sagging or collapse, especially for long or wide bridges. These supports are typically removed during post-processing. Proper slicer settings, such as reduced print speed and increased cooling, can minimize the need for bridge supports, improving print efficiency and reducing material waste.
Bridge Width Bridge width refers to the horizontal distance that a printer can span without support structures. Wider bridges are more challenging to print due to the risk of sagging or poor material deposition. Factors affecting bridge width include the material type, print speed, and cooling efficiency. Optimizing slicer settings, such as reducing speed or increasing fan speed, can improve bridge quality. Understanding and managing bridge width is essential for successful printing of models with gaps, holes, or unsupported spans.
Bridging Bridging refers to a 3D printer's ability to print material across open spaces without support structures. During bridging, filament is extruded in mid-air between two anchored points, solidifying quickly to maintain its shape. Successful bridging depends on factors like print speed, cooling, and material properties. PLA, for example, is well-suited for bridging due to its quick cooling. Poor bridging can result in sagging or stringing, but optimizing slicer settings like fan speed and travel speed can improve results. Bridging is critical for designs that include features like holes, gaps, or overhangs.
Brim In 3D printing, a brim is a type of print adhesion helper that consists of a flat layer of material printed around the base of a model. Unlike a raft, which is printed under the model, a brim only touches the outer edges of the first layer and does not extend beneath the model itself. It is commonly used to improve bed adhesion, reduce warping, and stabilize the print during the early stages of printing. Brims are particularly useful for models with small contact points on the build plate, as they increase the surface area holding the print to the bed. Once the print is complete, the brim can be easily removed during post-processing.
Brittleness Brittleness refers to a material’s tendency to fracture or break under stress without significant deformation. In 3D printing, brittle filaments like some types of PLA or certain composites can snap during extrusion or handling. Factors contributing to brittleness include material composition, moisture absorption, and improper storage. To reduce brittleness, users should store filaments in dry, airtight containers and ensure proper printing temperatures. Understanding a material’s brittleness helps in selecting the right filament for specific applications and improving the durability of printed parts.
Build Chamber The build chamber is the enclosed space in which 3D printing takes place. In professional or industrial 3D printers, the chamber may be heated to maintain a controlled environment, which is especially important for high-temperature materials like ABS, nylon, or PEEK. Heated chambers prevent warping, layer separation, and inconsistent cooling by keeping the print environment stable. For non-heated printers, enclosures can still help by reducing drafts and external temperature fluctuations. A properly managed build chamber contributes to higher print quality and improved mechanical properties of the printed parts.
Build Failure Build failure occurs when a 3D print is unsuccessful due to issues such as poor adhesion, incorrect settings, filament jams, or hardware malfunctions. Failures may result in incomplete prints, shifted layers, or warped models. Identifying the root cause, such as incorrect bed leveling, nozzle clogging, or filament issues, is essential to prevent repeated failures. Regular printer maintenance, proper calibration, and optimized slicer settings can significantly reduce the likelihood of build failure. Learning from failures helps improve troubleshooting skills and ensures future prints are more reliable.
Build Height Build height refers to the vertical dimension of a 3D model, measured along the Z-axis. It determines how tall an object can be printed within a printer’s build volume. Models with large build heights require consistent layer adhesion to avoid layer shifting or detachment during printing. The build height also influences print time, as taller models take longer to complete. Understanding the relationship between build height and printer capabilities is essential for designing models that fit within the printer’s specifications.
Build Offset Build offset refers to the intentional adjustment of the starting point or position of the model on the build plate. It ensures that the model is centered or positioned to avoid conflicts with the edges of the build plate or to optimize print placement. In some cases, build offset is used to create space between multiple models printed simultaneously. Slicer software allows users to define offsets in X, Y, and Z directions. Proper build offsets improve print consistency and prevent alignment issues, especially in multi-part projects.
Build Plate In 3D printing, the build plate (also called the print bed) is the flat surface on which the 3D model is printed. It serves as the foundation for the printing process, supporting the model during extrusion and curing. Build plates can be heated or non-heated, depending on the printer and material being used. Heated build plates are particularly effective at improving adhesion for materials like ABS and PETG, as they reduce warping by maintaining a consistent temperature. Build plates are typically made of glass, aluminum, or other specialized surfaces, and may have coatings or adhesives applied to enhance grip. Proper leveling and cleaning of the build plate are essential to achieve high-quality prints.
Build Plate Adhesion Type Build plate adhesion type refers to the method used to enhance the adhesion of the print to the build plate during the first layers. Common adhesion types include brims, rafts, and skirts. A brim adds a flat layer around the model’s base, a raft creates a thick base underneath the entire model, and a skirt outlines the model without touching it. The choice of adhesion type depends on the material and model geometry. Proper adhesion type ensures the stability of the print and prevents warping or shifting during printing.
Build Plate Clips Build plate clips are accessories used to secure the build plate to the printer’s base. These clips prevent the plate from moving during the printing process, ensuring stability and consistent adhesion. They are commonly used with removable build plates like glass or magnetic surfaces. Over-tightening clips can introduce leveling issues, so proper placement and adjustment are important. Build plate clips are simple yet essential tools for maintaining print accuracy and preventing shifts during operation.
Build Plate Temperature Build plate temperature is the heat setting of the printer’s bed, which helps improve adhesion and minimize warping during printing. Different materials require specific temperatures for optimal performance; for example, PLA typically adheres well at 50–60°C, while ABS requires a bed temperature of 90–110°C. Consistent bed temperature ensures that the first layer adheres properly to the build plate, preventing curling or detachment. Heated beds are especially critical for large prints or materials with high shrinkage rates. Proper bed temperature settings are essential for achieving high-quality prints.
Build Plate Texture Build plate texture refers to the surface finish of the print bed, which can significantly impact adhesion and the quality of the first layer. Common textures include smooth (e.g., glass), rough (e.g., PEI sheets), or perforated surfaces. Each texture offers unique benefits: smooth surfaces create glossy finishes, while rough textures improve grip for materials prone to warping. Selecting the right build plate texture depends on the filament type and the desired finish of the print. Regular cleaning and maintenance of the build plate texture ensure consistent adhesion and print success.
Build Plate Wear Build plate wear refers to the gradual degradation of the surface of the build plate due to repeated use. Scratches, dents, or material residue can negatively affect adhesion and the quality of the first layer. Using removable surfaces, such as magnetic PEI sheets or glass beds, can help mitigate wear. Regular cleaning and maintenance of the build plate ensure long-term usability. In cases of excessive wear, replacing the build plate may be necessary to restore optimal print conditions.
Build Quality Build quality refers to the overall structural integrity, detail, and appearance of a 3D-printed object. Factors influencing build quality include printer calibration, filament choice, slicer settings, and environmental conditions. High-quality builds exhibit smooth surfaces, accurate dimensions, and strong layer adhesion. Regular maintenance, such as cleaning the nozzle and leveling the bed, helps achieve consistent build quality. For intricate or functional parts, optimizing settings like layer height, infill density, and cooling is essential.
Build Time Build time is the total duration required to complete a 3D print, from the start of the first layer to the final layer. It depends on factors like print speed, layer height, infill density, and the complexity of the model. Thinner layers and higher infill percentages increase build time but improve print quality, while coarser settings reduce time but may compromise detail. Slicer software provides estimated build times to help users plan their prints. Balancing speed and quality is key to optimizing build time for specific applications.
Build Volume Build volume refers to the maximum dimensions a 3D printer can print, typically expressed in width, depth, and height (e.g., 220 x 220 x 250 mm). The build volume determines the size of the objects that can be printed in a single session. Larger build volumes are ideal for printing big models or multiple parts at once, while smaller volumes are sufficient for hobbyists or prototyping. When designing or slicing a model, it’s essential to ensure the object fits within the printer’s build volume to avoid print failures or scaling issues.
Burn-In Test A burn-in test is a pre-print process used to check the functionality and consistency of a 3D printer, particularly its hot end and heated bed. The test involves running the printer at operating temperatures for an extended period to ensure all components are functioning correctly. Burn-in tests are often conducted after assembling a new printer or replacing key parts. They help identify potential issues like uneven heating, temperature fluctuations, or mechanical misalignments before starting an actual print.