USA Glossary and Reference Guide to 3D Printing Terminology and Concepts

Glossary of 3D Printing Terms [41]

I Idle Temperature for Nozzles Idle temperature is the minimum heat level a nozzle maintains when not actively printing. Keeping the nozzle at a moderate temperature during pauses prevents clogs and thermal fluctuations. However, excessive idling at high heat can cause filament degradation or oozing, leading to print defects.
Impact Absorption in Flexible Prints Flexible filaments like TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane) and TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomer) are designed for shock absorption and impact resistance. By modifying infill density, wall thickness, and layer height, users can create soft yet durable prints for applications like wearable tech, vibration dampening, and protective enclosures. The ability to fine-tune impact resistance makes flexible filaments ideal for customized phone cases, shoe soles, and industrial shock absorbers.
Impact Testing for 3D Prints Impact testing evaluates a 3D-printed object’s ability to absorb force without breaking. Standardized tests, such as drop tests, pendulum impact tests, or high-speed compression tests, help manufacturers determine how well different filaments perform under stress. ABS, PETG, and polycarbonate (PC) generally exhibit higher impact resistance compared to brittle PLA. Engineers often use computer-aided simulations alongside physical impact testing to optimize wall thickness, infill density, and print orientation. This is crucial for automotive parts, aerospace components, and protective gear, where material toughness is a top priority.
Impact-Modified PLA Impact-modified PLA is a PLA-based filament engineered to be tougher and more flexible. Unlike standard PLA, which can be brittle, this material incorporates chemical additives to improve impact resistance. It is ideal for functional prototypes, toys, and parts that require slight flexibility.
Impact-Resistant Filaments Impact-resistant filaments, such as ABS, PETG, ASA, and polycarbonate (PC), are designed to withstand high force or sudden impacts. These materials are commonly used in automotive parts, protective casings, and industrial applications. Some formulations, like impact-modified PLA, offer durability while maintaining ease of printing.
Impact-Resistant Resin for SLA/DLP Unlike brittle standard resins, impact-resistant SLA/DLP resins are formulated for higher toughness, elongation, and crack resistance. These resins are used for engineering prototypes, functional parts, and automotive components requiring both strength and fine detail. They mimic properties of ABS and polypropylene, making them ideal for snap-fit designs and flexible joints.
Imperfections in 3D Printing Imperfections in 3D printing refer to flaws such as layer shifting, stringing, warping, under-extrusion, and ghosting. These defects can be caused by mechanical misalignment, improper temperature settings, filament quality issues, or unstable cooling. Fine-tuning print settings, regular maintenance, and upgrading components help reduce imperfections.
Incremental Layer Adhesion Techniques Layer adhesion directly affects a print’s structural integrity and strength. Techniques like gradual extrusion temperature changes, controlled cooling, and pressure advance tuning help improve inter-layer bonding. Materials like PETG and nylon require higher nozzle temperatures and slower cooling to maximize fusion between layers, while PLA benefits from active cooling fans to prevent deformation. Fine-tuning these parameters enhances print durability, load-bearing capacity, and part longevity.
Incremental Overhang Angles Overhang angles determine how well a 3D printer handles sloped surfaces without supports. The rule of thumb is that FDM printers can print up to a 45-degree angle before requiring supports. Incremental overhang angle adjustment in slicers allows for gradual modifications in print orientation, cooling, and extrusion rates to improve printability. This technique is especially useful for organic shapes, domes, and sculpted figures, where overhangs must be well-supported without excessive material waste.
Incremental Part Cooling for Complex Prints Incremental part cooling involves adjusting fan speeds dynamically based on layer complexity. Delicate overhangs, bridges, and intricate details benefit from higher airflow, while thicker sections require slower cooling to prevent layer separation. This technique is essential for printing detailed sculptures, engineering prototypes, and functional enclosures.
Incremental Print Scaling for Large Prototypes Incremental print scaling is a method used when printing oversized models that exceed a printer’s build volume. Instead of reducing the model’s resolution, it is divided into multiple sections, printed separately, and later assembled. This technique is commonly used for architectural models, cosplay props, and industrial prototypes. To ensure seamless assembly, connectors such as dovetails, pegs, or glue joints are often integrated into the sliced parts. Proper alignment and post-processing techniques like sanding or resin bonding help achieve a strong, nearly invisible connection. When done correctly, large-scale 3D printing produces massive structures without compromising detail or strength.
Incremental Speed Control Incremental speed control is a dynamic printing feature where the printer gradually increases or decreases speed during different sections of a print. This technique enhances detail in complex areas while maintaining efficiency in less detailed regions.
Incremental Z-Hops Z-hop is a printing setting where the nozzle slightly lifts during travel moves to prevent dragging across the print surface. Incremental Z-hops gradually increase lift height based on layer complexity to minimize collision risks, especially in tall, intricate models.
Independent Dual Extruder (IDEX) Printing IDEX 3D printers feature two separate print heads that move independently, allowing for multi-material printing, mirror-mode printing, and duplication printing. This design prevents contamination between different filaments, making it useful for support materials like PVA or HIPS. With IDEX, users can print two identical objects simultaneously (duplication mode) or create symmetrical parts (mirror mode). While IDEX printers offer greater versatility and efficiency, they require more calibration and firmware support compared to single-extruder systems.
Inductive Bed Leveling Sensors Inductive bed leveling sensors detect metallic surfaces to automatically calibrate the print bed’s height. Unlike mechanical or capacitive sensors, inductive probes are highly accurate and resistant to temperature variations. However, they require metal build plates to function properly.
Industrial 3D Printing Industrial 3D printing involves high-end machines used for large-scale production. Technologies such as SLS, SLA, DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering), and FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) are used to manufacture automotive, aerospace, and medical components. These printers offer higher precision, material compatibility, and automation features compared to consumer-grade machines.
Industrial 3D Printing Industrial 3D printing encompasses high-end additive manufacturing techniques used in automotive, aerospace, medical, and engineering applications. Technologies such as Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), and Stereolithography (SLA) allow for precise, strong, and high-temperature-resistant components. Unlike consumer-grade printers, industrial 3D printers offer larger build volumes, automated post-processing, and compatibility with advanced materials such as carbon fiber composites and metal alloys.
Industrial Conveyor Belt 3D Printing Conveyor belt 3D printing is an advanced additive manufacturing technique where parts are continuously printed on an angled belt, enabling infinite-length prints and automated batch production. Unlike standard 3D printers, which are limited by a fixed bed size, conveyor belt systems allow for seamless, long objects like pipes, rails, and structural beams. They are widely used in industrial manufacturing, prototyping, and mass customization. However, this technology requires specialized slicers and precise belt calibration to avoid layer misalignment and adhesion issues.
Industrial SLA for Large-Format Printing Large-scale SLA (Stereolithography) printers are capable of producing highly detailed, full-size parts for automotive, medical, and industrial applications. These machines use large resin vats, precision laser systems, and heated build chambers to create smooth, high-resolution prototypes. Unlike FDM, large SLA printers require extensive post-processing to clean, cure, and finish printed parts. Despite the cost, SLA is preferred for aesthetic models, dental prosthetics, and high-detail mechanical prototypes.
Infill Infill refers to the internal structure of a 3D-printed object. It determines the strength, weight, and material usage of a print. Different infill patterns—such as grid, honeycomb, gyroid, and cubic—offer varying levels of durability and flexibility. Higher infill percentages increase strength but consume more filament and extend print time, while low infill saves material but may weaken the object.
Infrared Curing for Resin Printing Infrared curing is an advanced post-processing method used in resin 3D printing to enhance part strength and cure depth. Traditional UV curing is limited to surface-level hardening, but infrared waves penetrate deeper into the resin, ensuring a more uniform and complete cure. This method is beneficial for engineering-grade resins that require high mechanical strength and heat resistance. Infrared curing is particularly effective for biocompatible resins used in dental and medical applications.
Infrared Sensors for Print Monitoring Infrared sensors are used in high-end 3D printers to monitor print quality, detect defects, and ensure consistent layer deposition. By analyzing heat signatures, these sensors can identify warping, clogged nozzles, or irregular extrusion patterns in real time. Advanced printers with AI-driven monitoring systems use infrared imaging to prevent print failures by automatically pausing or adjusting parameters. This technology is especially useful in industrial and medical applications, where precision is critical. Some DIY enthusiasts integrate infrared sensors with OctoPrint or Klipper firmware to enhance remote monitoring and quality control.
Injection Molding vs. 3D Printing Injection molding is a traditional mass-production method that involves injecting molten material into molds, while 3D printing is an additive manufacturing process that builds parts layer by layer. While injection molding is faster and cost-effective for high-volume production, 3D printing excels at prototyping, customization, and low-batch manufacturing.
Injection Molding vs. 3D Printing Injection molding and 3D printing are both used for manufacturing plastic parts, but they serve different purposes. Injection molding is a traditional process where molten plastic is injected into a mold, producing high volumes of identical parts at a low cost per unit. However, it requires expensive molds and long setup times, making it impractical for low-production runs. 3D printing, on the other hand, builds objects layer by layer, making it ideal for prototyping, custom designs, and low-volume production. While 3D printing allows for greater design flexibility, it is slower and more expensive for mass production compared to injection molding.
Ink-Based Bioprinting Bioprinting uses cell-laden bio-inks to create living tissue structures, leading to breakthroughs in regenerative medicine, organ transplantation, and pharmaceutical research. This technique allows scientists to print functional skin grafts, cartilage, and vascular structures using layered bio-compatible materials.
Ink-Based Ceramic 3D Printing Ink-based ceramic 3D printing uses liquid ceramic suspensions instead of plastic or resin to create high-strength, heat-resistant objects. After printing, the part undergoes sintering in a high-temperature kiln, removing any binders and solidifying the structure. This method is widely used in biomedical implants, aerospace engineering, and art restoration due to ceramic’s chemical resistance and longevity. The process allows for intricate designs that would be difficult to achieve using traditional ceramic techniques.
Ink-Free 3D Printing for Transparent Models Some transparent materials, like PMMA (acrylic) and optical resins, allow for ink-free, ultra-clear 3D printing. These materials are often used for optical lenses, biomedical research, and artistic designs. Unlike traditional FDM prints, resin-based SLA or DLP printers produce glass-like clarity when properly cured. Post-processing techniques such as sanding, UV curing, and clear-coating help achieve a polished, transparent finish. Ink-free printing is particularly valuable for custom eyewear, scientific instruments, and architectural models where light transmission is crucial.
Inkjet 3D Printing Inkjet 3D printing is a binder jetting process where liquid binders are selectively deposited onto powdered materials to form solid objects. This method is used in full-color sandstone prints, ceramic models, and metal sintering processes. Unlike FDM or SLA, inkjet-based printing requires post-processing steps like sintering or infiltration.
Inkjet Electronics Printing Inkjet electronics printing is a specialized process where conductive inks (silver, copper, or graphene-based) are deposited onto flexible substrates, creating printed circuit boards (PCBs) and wearable electronics. This method allows for customized, lightweight, and cost-effective electronic components, eliminating the need for traditional etching or soldering. Inkjet-printed circuits are used in smart textiles, flexible displays, and bio-sensors.
Integrated Modular Extruders Some high-end printers feature modular extruder designs, allowing users to quickly swap between direct-drive, Bowden, or high-flow extruders. This flexibility makes it easier to print flexible filaments, high-temperature materials, or multi-color models without extensive reconfiguration.
Integrated Threaded Inserts Threaded inserts are metal components embedded into 3D-printed parts to provide strong, reusable threading for screws and bolts. These inserts can be heat-set, press-fit, or ultrasonically welded into place. They are commonly used in functional prototypes, mechanical enclosures, and electronics housings where standard plastic threads would wear out over time.
Integrated Ventilation in Print Enclosures Proper ventilation in 3D printer enclosures is essential for removing fumes, controlling temperature, and ensuring safe operation. Some high-end enclosures come with built-in HEPA and carbon filters to eliminate harmful VOCs (volatile organic compounds) released by materials like ABS and resins. DIY users often add PC case fans or inline ducting to improve air circulation. A well-ventilated enclosure not only enhances print quality by preventing overheating but also protects users from inhaling toxic particles. For industrial and medical applications, enclosed printers with active ventilation systems are a must.
Intelligent Cooling Algorithms Smart cooling systems dynamically adjust fan speeds and airflow based on print geometry, overhang angles, and layer completion time. These algorithms help prevent warping, stringing, and layer adhesion issues. Many high-end 3D printers include adaptive cooling settings to improve detail accuracy while reducing cooling-related defects.
Intelligent Pause and Resume Printing Advanced firmware features allow printers to detect power failures, filament runouts, or errors, automatically pausing and resuming the print without losing progress. This is especially useful for large, multi-hour prints where a small disruption could otherwise ruin the entire object. Some printers also include G-code-based resume functions, ensuring the exact layer position is maintained when restarting. Intelligent pause-and-resume functions improve print success rates and material efficiency.
Interchangeable Nozzle Systems Swappable nozzles allow users to quickly change between different diameters (e.g., 0.2mm for fine details, 1.0mm for high-flow printing). Some advanced nozzles, such as E3D’s Revo system, allow for tool-free nozzle swapping, improving ease of maintenance and expanding material capabilities.
Interlocking 3D-Printed Joints Interlocking joints are designed to snap, slide, or hinge together without adhesives or screws. These are commonly used in modular prints, mechanical assemblies, and puzzle-like designs. Proper tolerances and filament flexibility are key to successful interlocking prints.
Internal Airflow Optimization in Enclosures Proper ventilation and airflow regulation inside 3D printer enclosures prevent heat buildup, improve print consistency, and reduce fumes from materials like ABS and resin. Advanced enclosures use HEPA or carbon filters to capture VOCs (volatile organic compounds) and provide temperature control for high-performance materials.
Internal Support Structures Internal supports are hidden reinforcements within a 3D-printed object, designed to improve structural integrity without affecting the external appearance. These supports are necessary for overhangs, complex geometries, or hollow sections that would otherwise collapse during printing. Various support patterns, such as tree, grid, or linear supports, can be generated in slicer software. Removable or dissolvable supports (PVA or HIPS) make post-processing easier, ensuring smooth internal surfaces.
Internal Threading in 3D-Printed Parts Instead of using metal inserts, some designs include directly printed internal threads for screw connections. While larger printed threads work well for coarse applications, fine threads may require post-processing with a tap-and-die set to ensure proper engagement. Certain materials, like nylon and PETG, produce stronger and more wear-resistant threads than brittle PLA. Internal threading is often found in custom enclosures, mechanical assemblies, and functional prototypes that require repeatable fastening.
Iron-Filled Filament Iron-filled filaments are PLA or ABS-based materials infused with iron powder, allowing prints to have a metallic appearance, added weight, and the ability to rust over time. These filaments can be polished to achieve metal-like finishes or intentionally oxidized for an antique, weathered effect. While printable on standard FDM printers, they are highly abrasive, requiring hardened steel or ruby nozzles to prevent excessive wear.
Isotropic Strength in 3D Printing Isotropic strength refers to a material’s ability to withstand forces equally in all directions. Traditional FDM prints tend to be weaker along the Z-axis due to layer bonding limitations, while SLA and SLS prints exhibit more uniform mechanical properties. Engineers often optimize print orientation, increase perimeters, and use high-performance materials like carbon-fiber-infused composites to improve Z-axis strength. Achieving isotropic strength is essential in load-bearing applications, aerospace components, and industrial tooling.