USA Glossary and Reference Guide to 3D Printing Terminology and Concepts

Glossary of 3D Printing Terms [40]

E E-steps E-steps, short for “extruder steps,” refer to the number of steps the extruder motor must take to push a specific length of filament through the 3D printer’s system. This parameter is critical for calibrating a 3D printer, ensuring accurate and consistent material flow during the printing process. An incorrectly calibrated E-steps value can lead to problems such as under-extrusion (not enough filament is fed) or over-extrusion (too much filament is fed). To calculate the correct E-steps, users typically perform a test by commanding the printer to extrude a set length of filament and then measuring the actual length extruded. Adjustments are then made in the printer’s firmware or settings to align the E-steps value with the desired extrusion length. Regular calibration of E-steps is essential for maintaining print quality, particularly when changing extruder components or using different filament types.
Edge Curling Edge curling is a common printing defect where the edges of a print lift or curl upward from the build platform, resulting in warping or poor adhesion. This issue is often caused by uneven cooling or insufficient bed adhesion. Materials like ABS and nylon are particularly prone to edge curling due to their sensitivity to temperature changes. To prevent curling, users can implement strategies such as using a heated bed, applying adhesives (e.g., glue stick or hairspray), and ensuring proper bed leveling. Enclosures can also help by maintaining consistent ambient temperatures. Addressing edge curling is critical for achieving dimensionally accurate and aesthetically pleasing prints.
Effector The effector is the central component in a delta-style 3D printer where the print head, hot end, and other tools are mounted. It connects to the printer’s arms via ball joints or similar mechanisms, allowing precise movement across all three axes. The effector’s lightweight design is crucial for the high-speed and accurate performance of delta printers. Some effectors are modular, enabling users to switch between different tools, such as extruders, laser engravers, or pens. The alignment and rigidity of the effector directly impact the print quality and accuracy, making it an essential component in delta-style 3D printers.
Elastic Deformation Elastic deformation describes the ability of a 3D-printed object to temporarily change shape under stress and return to its original form when the stress is removed. This property is important for applications that require flexibility or shock absorption, such as custom gaskets, wearable devices, or mechanical components. Materials like TPU and TPE exhibit significant elastic deformation, making them ideal for such applications. The extent of elastic deformation depends on the material's properties and the design of the printed object, such as wall thickness or infill pattern. Proper material selection and design considerations are crucial to maximize this property.
Elastic Filament Elastic filament refers to a category of 3D printing materials that exhibit flexibility and stretchability, such as TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) or TPE (thermoplastic elastomers). These materials are used for printing objects that require flexibility, such as phone cases, wearable devices, or gaskets. Elastic filaments require specific printer settings, including low print speeds, precise temperature control, and minimal retraction, to achieve successful prints. The flexible nature of these filaments makes them challenging to work with, as they are prone to tangling and jamming. Despite the challenges, elastic filaments are valued for their ability to create functional and durable objects with unique properties.
Elasticity Elasticity in 3D printing refers to the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being deformed. This property is critical when printing flexible or stretchable objects, such as gaskets, wearable devices, or soft robotics. Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are common elastic materials used in 3D printing. These materials require specific settings, such as lower print speeds and precise extrusion temperatures, to achieve successful prints. Understanding elasticity is important not only for selecting the right material but also for designing objects with functional flexibility, such as hinges or shock-absorbing components. Elasticity plays a significant role in the growing field of functional and wearable 3D-printed products.
Electrical Conductive Filament Electrical conductive filament is a specialized 3D printing material capable of conducting electricity. It typically consists of a base polymer, such as PLA or ABS, infused with conductive additives like carbon or graphene. This filament enables the creation of functional electronic components, such as circuits, sensors, or touch-sensitive devices, directly through 3D printing. Conductive filaments have limited conductivity compared to traditional metals, so they are best suited for low-voltage applications or prototyping. Printing with conductive filament requires specific settings, including low print speeds and careful temperature control, to avoid damaging the material. The development of conductive filaments has opened new possibilities for integrating electronics into 3D-printed objects.
Electron Beam Melting (EBM) Electron Beam Melting (EBM) is an advanced additive manufacturing technology that uses an electron beam to melt and fuse metal powder layer by layer. Unlike laser-based systems, EBM operates in a vacuum environment, making it ideal for producing high-strength metal parts with excellent mechanical properties. EBM is commonly used in industries like aerospace and medical implants, where precision and material strength are critical. The process allows for the creation of complex geometries, including lattice structures, while minimizing material waste. However, EBM systems are expensive and require specialized knowledge, limiting their use to industrial and research applications.
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Electrostatic discharge (ESD) refers to the sudden flow of electricity between two objects with differing electrical potentials. In 3D printing, ESD can pose a risk to sensitive electronic components, such as the printer's motherboard, stepper drivers, or sensors. It typically occurs when static electricity builds up and discharges upon contact with a grounded component. To mitigate ESD damage, many 3D printers include ESD-safe components, such as grounded wiring or anti-static coatings. Additionally, users working with electronics or assembling printers should wear anti-static wristbands and work on grounded surfaces to prevent accidental damage. Managing ESD is crucial for ensuring the longevity and reliability of 3D printers.
Enclosure A 3D printer enclosure is a protective housing designed to surround the printer, providing a controlled environment for printing. Enclosures serve multiple purposes, including maintaining consistent temperatures, reducing the risk of warping in prints, and improving overall safety by containing fumes or particles released during the process. They are particularly useful when printing with materials like ABS, nylon, or polycarbonate, which are prone to warping due to temperature fluctuations. Enclosures can be made from various materials such as acrylic, metal, or even DIY setups using cardboard or furniture. Some enclosures also include features like air filtration systems, LED lighting, or built-in tool storage. For professional and industrial applications, enclosures often comply with strict safety standards to protect users from hazardous materials or high temperatures. Adding an enclosure to a 3D printer can significantly enhance print quality and safety, especially for advanced printing applications.
Enclosure Heater An enclosure heater is a device used to maintain a stable and elevated temperature inside a 3D printer’s enclosure. This is particularly beneficial when printing materials like ABS, nylon, or polycarbonate, which are prone to warping due to uneven cooling. The heater prevents temperature fluctuations by creating a controlled environment, allowing layers to cool more uniformly and improving adhesion between them. Some enclosure heaters include features like thermostats, humidity controls, or air circulation systems to optimize the printing environment further. Using an enclosure heater is a critical step for achieving high-quality results with heat-sensitive materials in professional or industrial 3D printing applications.
Enclosure Insulation Enclosure insulation refers to the addition of materials that help maintain consistent internal temperatures within a 3D printer’s enclosure. This is particularly important when printing with temperature-sensitive filaments like ABS, nylon, or polycarbonate, which can warp or delaminate due to cooling inconsistencies. Insulation materials such as foam, thermal blankets, or reflective foil can line the enclosure walls to retain heat. Insulated enclosures are beneficial for improving layer adhesion, reducing warping, and enhancing print quality. Additionally, insulation can reduce energy consumption by minimizing heat loss during extended printing sessions.
Enclosure Lighting Enclosure lighting refers to the integration of light sources, such as LEDs, within a 3D printer’s enclosure to improve visibility during the printing process. Proper lighting helps users monitor print progress, detect issues, and perform maintenance without needing external light sources. Many 3D printer enclosures come equipped with built-in lighting, while others allow for aftermarket installation. Adjustable or dimmable lighting can further enhance usability, particularly for professional or intricate printing tasks. Enclosure lighting is not only functional but also contributes to the aesthetic appeal of the printer setup.
Enclosure Ventilation Enclosure ventilation refers to the controlled airflow system within a 3D printer’s enclosure, designed to manage heat, fumes, and particulate matter generated during printing. Proper ventilation is especially important when working with materials like ABS or nylon, which release potentially harmful fumes. Ventilation systems often include fans, filters, and ducts to maintain air quality while preserving a stable internal temperature. Balancing ventilation and temperature control is crucial to prevent warping or adhesion issues. Advanced enclosures may use HEPA or activated carbon filters to ensure a safe and clean printing environment, particularly in home or professional settings.
End-of-Filament Sensor An end-of-filament sensor is a device that detects when a spool of filament is about to run out or has already been depleted. This sensor halts the printer’s operations when no filament is present, preventing incomplete prints. It is particularly valuable for large or long-duration prints where running out of filament mid-print would result in wasted material and time. The sensor can take various forms, such as optical or mechanical, and is often integrated into the extruder or filament feed path. When the filament runs out, the printer may pause the job, allowing the user to reload the material and resume printing without starting over.
End-of-Life Material End-of-life material refers to filament that has reached the end of its usability, either due to degradation, contamination, or insufficient length to complete a print. Factors such as exposure to moisture, UV light, or dust can compromise the material’s properties, leading to poor print quality or extruder clogs. To prevent waste, some users repurpose end-of-life material by recycling it into new filament using specialized equipment. Proper storage in airtight containers with desiccants can extend the lifespan of filament. Understanding the limitations of end-of-life material is important for minimizing failed prints and ensuring consistent results in 3D printing.
End-of-Travel Sensor An end-of-travel sensor, often synonymous with an endstop, is a device that detects when a moving component of a 3D printer reaches the end of its allowable range. These sensors prevent mechanical collisions or misalignment by stopping motor movement when the limit is reached. End-of-travel sensors are particularly important in large-format or multi-axis printers, where extended movement increases the risk of overtravel. Advanced sensors may also include features like soft limits, which slow the printer down as it approaches the boundary. Proper installation and calibration of end-of-travel sensors are essential for maintaining the safety and reliability of 3D printers.
Endcap An endcap is a small protective component used in 3D printers to cover the ends of rods, extrusions, or other structural parts. It serves multiple purposes, including preventing damage to exposed ends, reducing noise or vibration, and enhancing the printer’s aesthetics. Endcaps are often made of plastic or rubber and can be 3D printed or purchased as aftermarket accessories. They are particularly useful for maintaining safety by covering sharp edges and providing a finished appearance to open-frame printers. While endcaps may seem minor, they contribute to the overall durability, usability, and professionalism of a 3D printer setup.
Ender “Ender” is a popular series of 3D printers developed by Creality, known for their affordability and reliability. The Ender series has become a go-to choice for hobbyists and professionals alike due to its ease of use, upgradeability, and strong community support. Models like the Ender 3 and Ender 5 are especially well-regarded for their robust design and excellent print quality at a budget-friendly price. The Ender printers typically feature an open-frame design, heated bed, and support for various filament types, making them versatile for a wide range of projects. Many users also modify their Ender printers with upgrades such as improved extruders, auto-bed leveling systems, and all-metal hot ends to enhance performance. The popularity of the Ender series has led to an extensive ecosystem of tutorials, replacement parts, and user forums, making it an ideal choice for beginners and enthusiasts.
Endstop An endstop is a sensor or switch used in 3D printers to detect the physical limits of an axis, ensuring that the printer’s movement remains within its designed range. Endstops can be mechanical, optical, or magnetic, and are typically installed at the minimum or maximum positions of the X, Y, and Z axes. When triggered, the endstop signals the printer’s controller to stop movement, preventing damage to the machine or misaligned prints. Endstops also play a vital role during the printer’s homing process, where the print head moves to a known reference position before starting a print. Proper calibration and maintenance of endstops are essential for reliable and accurate printing.
Energy Chain An energy chain, also known as a cable carrier, is a flexible chain-like structure used in 3D printers to organize and protect cables and wires that move with the printer's components. It ensures that cables are not subjected to excessive wear or entanglement during the printer’s operation. Energy chains are especially important in large or high-speed printers, where repeated movement can cause cable fatigue. These chains guide the cables along the printer’s axes, maintaining a clean and organized workspace while preventing electrical failures caused by damaged wires. Adding or upgrading an energy chain can enhance the durability and reliability of a 3D printer.
Epoxy Resin Epoxy resin is a two-part material often used in 3D printing for post-processing and finishing prints. Composed of a resin and a hardener, it cures to form a durable, glossy surface when mixed and applied to a print. Epoxy resin is particularly popular for SLA (stereolithography) and DLP (digital light processing) prints, where it can fill in small imperfections and provide a smooth, professional finish. It is also used to strengthen prints, improve water resistance, and create a high-quality aesthetic. When working with epoxy resin, safety precautions are essential due to the potential for skin irritation and fumes. Proper ventilation, gloves, and protective eyewear are recommended. Additionally, epoxy resin can be tinted with pigments or dyes, enabling users to achieve custom colors and effects. Its versatility makes it a favorite among makers and professionals looking to elevate the appearance and functionality of their 3D prints.
Erosion Erosion in 3D printing refers to the gradual wear and tear of components such as the nozzle, extruder gears, or even printed objects due to repeated use or abrasive materials. For example, printing with composite filaments containing carbon fiber, wood, or metal particles can accelerate nozzle erosion, leading to poor extrusion quality and reduced accuracy over time. To combat erosion, many manufacturers produce hardened steel or ruby-tipped nozzles designed to withstand abrasive filaments. Erosion can also affect the build platform if prints are frequently removed using sharp tools. Regular maintenance, proper material selection, and using wear-resistant components are essential for minimizing erosion and prolonging the lifespan of both the printer and printed objects.
Extruder The extruder is one of the most critical components of a 3D printer. It is responsible for controlling the flow of filament material into the hot end of the printer, where it is melted and deposited layer by layer to form a 3D object. The extruder consists of two main sections: the cold end and the hot end. The cold end is responsible for gripping and feeding the filament into the hot end using a motorized mechanism, often a gear or direct drive system. The hot end heats the filament to its melting point, allowing it to be extruded through a nozzle onto the build platform. The extruder plays a key role in determining the quality of the printed object by regulating the flow and consistency of the filament. Advanced extruders may also include features like filament sensors, multi-material capabilities, or fine-tuned temperature control for printing various materials.
Extruder Drive The extruder drive is the mechanism responsible for feeding filament into the 3D printer’s hot end. It typically consists of a motor, gears, and a tensioning system that ensures the filament is securely pushed through the extruder. There are two main types of extruder drives: direct drive, where the motor is mounted close to the hot end, and Bowden drive, where the filament is fed through a PTFE tube before reaching the hot end. The extruder drive’s design significantly impacts print quality, extrusion consistency, and compatibility with flexible filaments. Upgrading or maintaining the extruder drive is essential for reliable and precise 3D printing.
Extruder Gear The extruder gear is a key mechanical component of the extruder system in a 3D printer. It is responsible for gripping and driving the filament through the extruder and into the hot end. Typically made of durable materials like hardened steel or brass, the gear features sharp teeth that ensure a secure grip on the filament, even during high-speed printing. Over time, extruder gears can wear out, especially when using abrasive filaments, leading to inconsistent feeding or slipping. Regular inspection and replacement of the extruder gear are important for maintaining reliable extrusion. Upgraded extruder gears, such as dual-drive systems, can improve performance for demanding applications.
Extruder Nozzle The extruder nozzle is the component at the tip of the 3D printer’s hot end that shapes and deposits melted filament onto the build surface. Nozzles come in various diameters, typically ranging from 0.2mm to 1.0mm, with smaller diameters allowing for greater detail and larger diameters facilitating faster prints. Nozzles are made from materials like brass, stainless steel, or hardened steel, with each material offering different durability and compatibility with specific filaments. Over time, nozzles can wear out or clog, particularly when using abrasive filaments, making regular cleaning and replacement necessary to maintain print quality.
Extruder Stepper Motor The extruder stepper motor is the motor responsible for driving the filament through the extruder system of a 3D printer. It operates by rotating in precise steps to feed the filament at a controlled rate into the hot end. The stepper motor works in tandem with the extruder gears to grip and push the filament consistently. Different stepper motor designs vary in torque and precision, influencing the ability to print with specific materials or maintain consistent extrusion during high-speed printing. Proper calibration of the motor's steps, often referred to as E-steps, is critical for achieving high-quality and consistent prints.
Extrusion Extrusion is the process of pushing a thermoplastic filament through the heated nozzle of a 3D printer to create a precise shape or layer of material. This process is fundamental to Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), one of the most common 3D printing technologies. During extrusion, the filament is first melted in the hot end and then deposited in a controlled manner onto the build platform. The extruded material cools and solidifies, bonding with the layer below it. Extrusion parameters such as flow rate, temperature, and speed are critical to achieving high-quality prints. Mismanagement of extrusion can lead to issues like stringing, gaps, or poor adhesion between layers. Advanced printers may use direct drive or Bowden-style extrusion systems, each with unique advantages for different printing needs. Understanding and optimizing extrusion settings is key to mastering the 3D printing process.
Extrusion Artifacts Extrusion artifacts are unwanted defects in 3D prints caused by inconsistencies in material extrusion. Common examples include blobs, zits, stringing, and under-extrusion. These artifacts can result from improper settings, such as incorrect retraction, temperature, or flow rate, as well as mechanical issues like a clogged nozzle or worn extruder gears. Identifying and troubleshooting the root cause of extrusion artifacts is crucial for improving print quality. Techniques such as retraction tuning, nozzle cleaning, and slicer optimization can help eliminate these defects. Reducing extrusion artifacts is essential for achieving smooth and professional-looking prints.
Extrusion Calibration Extrusion calibration is the process of fine-tuning the extrusion system of a 3D printer to ensure accurate material flow. This involves adjusting parameters such as E-steps, extrusion multiplier, and extrusion width. Proper calibration prevents issues like under-extrusion, over-extrusion, or inconsistent layers. A common method for extrusion calibration is printing a test object, such as a single-wall cube or extrusion flow tower, and measuring the wall thickness or material flow. Calibration is particularly important when switching between different filament types, nozzle sizes, or extruder components. Well-calibrated extrusion ensures consistent layer adhesion, precise dimensions, and overall print quality.
Extrusion Clogging Extrusion clogging occurs when the filament becomes blocked in the extruder, preventing proper material flow. Common causes include debris, degraded filament, improper temperature settings, or using incompatible materials. A clogged nozzle leads to under-extrusion or print failure. Cleaning the nozzle, ensuring proper storage of filaments to avoid moisture absorption, and regularly maintaining the hot end can prevent clogging. Advanced printers may include clog detection systems that pause the print if a blockage is detected, allowing users to clear the clog and resume printing without wasting material.
Extrusion Coefficient The extrusion coefficient is a ratio used to control the relationship between the filament's diameter and the amount of material extruded. This parameter is especially important when using filaments with non-standard or inconsistent diameters. By adjusting the extrusion coefficient in the slicing software, users can compensate for variations in filament diameter and ensure consistent material flow. Failure to adjust the extrusion coefficient can result in over-extrusion or under-extrusion, leading to print defects such as blobs, gaps, or weak layers. Regularly checking filament diameter and calibrating the extrusion coefficient can help maintain high-quality prints.
Extrusion Factor The extrusion factor is a setting in slicing software that adjusts the amount of filament extruded by the printer. It is typically expressed as a percentage and allows for fine-tuning of material flow without recalibrating the printer’s firmware. Increasing the extrusion factor can address under-extrusion issues, while decreasing it can fix over-extrusion problems. This parameter works hand-in-hand with the extrusion multiplier and is often adjusted based on test prints, such as calibration cubes. Proper calibration of the extrusion factor is essential for achieving dimensionally accurate and visually appealing prints, particularly when working with different materials or nozzle sizes.
Extrusion Layer Bonding Extrusion layer bonding refers to the adhesion between successive layers of material in a 3D print. Strong layer bonding is critical for producing durable and functional parts. Factors affecting bonding include extrusion temperature, print speed, layer height, and material type. Insufficient layer bonding can lead to weak prints that delaminate or fail under stress. Ensuring optimal settings and proper material selection can enhance layer bonding. For instance, higher extrusion temperatures and slower cooling times generally improve the bonding strength of materials like ABS or PETG. Layer bonding is a key aspect of ensuring structural integrity in 3D-printed objects.
Extrusion Multiplier The extrusion multiplier is a parameter in 3D printer slicing software that adjusts the flow of filament during printing. It is a percentage value used to fine-tune the extrusion rate, ensuring that the right amount of material is extruded for optimal print quality. For instance, increasing the extrusion multiplier can correct under-extrusion, while decreasing it can address over-extrusion issues. Calibration of the extrusion multiplier involves printing test objects, such as calibration cubes or flow rate towers, and adjusting the value based on measurements and visual inspection. Properly setting the extrusion multiplier is crucial for achieving strong layer adhesion, accurate dimensions, and smooth surfaces in prints.
Extrusion Path The extrusion path is the specific route the printer’s nozzle follows to lay down material during a print. This path is generated by slicing software based on the 3D model and includes details such as the infill pattern, outer shell, and supports. The precision of the extrusion path directly affects print quality, surface finish, and strength. Optimizing the extrusion path involves adjusting parameters like print speed, infill density, and travel moves to reduce print time and defects. Advanced slicing algorithms and printers with precise motion systems ensure smooth and accurate extrusion paths, resulting in better final prints.
Extrusion Speed Extrusion speed refers to how fast the filament is pushed through the extruder and deposited onto the print bed. It directly impacts the layer quality, adhesion, and surface finish of the print. High extrusion speeds can reduce printing time but may compromise print quality by causing under-extrusion or poor layer bonding. Conversely, slow extrusion speeds enhance detail and surface smoothness but increase printing time. The optimal extrusion speed depends on factors like nozzle size, filament type, and the complexity of the printed object. Balancing speed with quality is essential for achieving desired results in 3D printing projects.
Extrusion Temperature Extrusion temperature refers to the specific heat setting required to melt the filament in the 3D printer’s hot end before it is extruded through the nozzle. Each type of filament, such as PLA, ABS, or PETG, has a unique optimal extrusion temperature range, which is usually provided by the manufacturer. Setting the correct extrusion temperature is critical to achieving high-quality prints, as too low a temperature can cause under-extrusion or clogging, while too high a temperature can lead to stringing, oozing, or poor surface finish. Fine-tuning this parameter ensures consistent material flow, proper layer adhesion, and an overall successful printing process.
Extrusion Width Extrusion width is the width of the material bead deposited by the 3D printer’s nozzle during printing. This parameter, set in slicing software, influences the strength, surface finish, and dimensional accuracy of printed objects. A wider extrusion width can improve layer bonding and reduce print time, while a narrower width allows for greater detail and smoother surfaces. The ideal extrusion width typically ranges from 100% to 150% of the nozzle diameter but varies based on the material, printer, and object being printed. Fine-tuning the extrusion width is a key aspect of optimizing print quality and meeting specific project requirements.