USA Glossary and Reference Guide to 3D Printing Terminology and Concepts

Glossary of 3D Printing Terms [50]

F Fan Duct A fan duct is a 3D printer component that channels cooling air from the fan directly onto the printed material or nozzle. It improves layer cooling, especially for temperature-sensitive filaments like PLA. A well-designed fan duct can enhance overhangs and small details by preventing warping or sagging. Custom fan duct designs are often printed to improve stock printer performance.
FDM Nozzle Temperature Nozzle temperature in FDM printing is the heat setting at which the filament melts and is extruded. Each filament type has an optimal temperature range: for example, PLA typically requires 190–220°C, while ABS needs 220–250°C. Incorrect temperatures can cause clogs, poor adhesion, or weak layers. Calibrating nozzle temperature ensures consistent extrusion and high-quality prints tailored to each material.
FDM Printer Bed The printer bed, also called the build platform, is the surface where the 3D printer deposits material layer by layer. In FDM printers, the bed is often heated to improve adhesion and reduce warping. Different bed surfaces, such as glass, PEI, or BuildTak, offer varying levels of adhesion and durability for specific filament types. Proper maintenance of the printer bed, including regular cleaning and leveling, ensures consistent adhesion and print quality. Some printer beds are removable or flexible, allowing users to easily detach completed prints. Advanced beds may feature auto-leveling or dynamic compensation for uneven surfaces.
Feeder Mechanism The feeder mechanism is part of the extruder system responsible for gripping and pushing filament into the hot end. Common designs include gear-driven or dual-gear feeders, with some printers using a Bowden-style system where filament is fed through a PTFE tube. The feeder must apply the right amount of force to ensure consistent extrusion without deforming or slipping the filament.
Filament Filament is the primary material used in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printers. It is a thermoplastic extruded into a thin, consistent strand, typically 1.75 mm or 2.85 mm in diameter. Common filament types include PLA, ABS, PETG, TPU, and nylon, each suited to specific applications. Filaments come in spools and are fed into the printer's extruder, where they are heated, melted, and deposited layer by layer. Filament quality significantly impacts print reliability, surface finish, and strength. Factors like moisture absorption, diameter tolerance, and material composition play critical roles in the success of 3D printing projects.
Filament Breakage Filament breakage occurs when filament snaps during printing, often due to brittleness caused by moisture absorption, excessive tension, or poor-quality material. Breakage disrupts the print process and may require reloading filament to continue. To prevent breakage, store filament in dry conditions and ensure smooth feeding mechanisms. Regularly checking for cracks or weak points in the filament spool is recommended.
Filament Bubbling Filament bubbling occurs when moisture trapped inside filament turns to steam during extrusion, creating bubbles or inconsistencies in the printed layers. This results in weak spots, rough surfaces, and poor interlayer adhesion. Drying filament in a specialized filament dryer or an oven at low heat before printing can prevent bubbling. Using properly sealed storage prevents filament from absorbing moisture.
Filament Compatibility Filament compatibility refers to whether a filament type can be used with a specific 3D printer. Factors include extruder design, hot-end temperature range, and bed adhesion methods. For example, some printers cannot handle high-temperature materials like polycarbonate, while others lack an all-metal hot end required for abrasive filaments. Checking manufacturer specifications ensures proper filament selection.
Filament Cross-Section The filament cross-section refers to the internal and external structure of a filament strand, affecting how it melts and extrudes. Most filaments are round, but inconsistencies can cause feeding problems. Some specialty filaments have reinforced cores or composite structures for enhanced strength. Measuring filament diameter at multiple points ensures a consistent cross-section for reliable extrusion.
Filament Curling Filament curling happens when extruded material bends or curves instead of laying flat on the build surface. This issue is common with ABS and nylon due to rapid cooling. It can also occur when printing small details or overhangs without sufficient cooling. Solutions include adjusting print speed, temperature, and using a cooling fan for materials that benefit from controlled airflow.
Filament Diameter Filament diameter refers to the thickness of the 3D printing filament, typically measured in millimeters. The most common diameters are 1.75mm and 2.85mm. Ensuring consistent filament diameter is crucial for maintaining reliable extrusion and print quality, as variations can lead to over- or under-extrusion. Many slicers allow users to input the filament’s measured diameter to optimize material flow.
Filament Dry Box A filament dry box is a container designed to store 3D printer filament in a controlled, low-humidity environment. It prevents the filament from absorbing moisture, which can degrade print quality by causing bubbles, inconsistencies, or weak layers. Dry boxes often include desiccants, humidity sensors, and sometimes heating elements to actively dry filament during storage. They are particularly useful for moisture-sensitive materials like nylon, PVA, and PETG. Proper filament storage in a dry box extends the lifespan of the filament and ensures consistent printing results, especially in humid environments.
Filament Drying Temperature Filament drying temperature refers to the optimal heat level for removing moisture from specific filament types. For example, PLA can be dried at 45°C, while nylon requires 70°C. Drying filament at the correct temperature ensures that it prints without defects like bubbling or layer separation. Dedicated filament dryers or modified food dehydrators are commonly used for this purpose.
Filament Flow Rate Test A filament flow rate test measures how consistently a printer extrudes filament at different speeds. It involves printing test objects like single-wall cubes or extrusion towers while adjusting the flow rate percentage. This test helps calibrate extrusion settings, ensuring accurate material deposition. Flow rate testing is essential when switching between different filament brands or types.
Filament Friction Reduction Filament friction reduction involves minimizing resistance as filament moves from the spool through the extruder. Low-friction PTFE tubes, well-lubricated bearings, and smooth spool holders contribute to reducing filament friction. This is particularly important for Bowden extruders, where long filament paths increase drag. Ensuring minimal friction prevents under-extrusion and inconsistent material flow.
Filament Grinding Filament grinding occurs when the feeder mechanism damages the filament, creating dust or grooves. This often happens due to excessive feeder tension or a nozzle clog. Grinding prevents proper filament feeding, leading to under-extrusion or print failure. Addressing the issue involves checking the feeder tension, clearing any blockages, and ensuring the filament is within spec.
Filament Grinding Wheel A filament grinding wheel is a component in some extruder designs that increases grip on the filament by using a textured or toothed surface. It is often made from hardened steel or tungsten carbide to prevent wear. The grinding wheel ensures precise filament movement, especially when printing with slippery or flexible materials. Worn grinding wheels should be replaced to maintain proper extrusion.
Filament Jam A filament jam occurs when the filament becomes stuck in the extruder, preventing smooth material flow. Common causes include incorrect extrusion temperature, debris in the nozzle, or improper feeder tension. Jams can lead to print failures or under-extrusion. To resolve a jam, users typically clean the nozzle, adjust settings, or inspect the feeder. Preventative maintenance helps minimize jamming issues.
Filament Lifespan Filament lifespan is the duration a filament remains usable before degrading due to moisture absorption, UV exposure, or oxidation. Materials like PLA have a longer shelf life in dry conditions, while nylon and PVA degrade quickly when exposed to humidity. Proper storage in airtight containers with desiccants extends lifespan. Testing filament flexibility and extrusion quality helps determine usability.
Filament Lubrication Filament lubrication involves applying a small amount of oil or lubricant to reduce friction as filament moves through the extruder. Some users lightly coat filament with PTFE-based lubricants to improve feeding consistency, especially with Bowden extruders. Lubrication must be used sparingly to avoid contamination or extrusion issues. It can be particularly helpful for brittle or abrasive filaments.
Filament Oozing Filament oozing occurs when material leaks out of the nozzle during non-printing moves, resulting in stringing or blobs on the print. This happens when the hot end remains active but isn’t extruding intentionally. Retraction settings, nozzle temperature, and travel speed adjustments can help reduce oozing, ensuring cleaner prints. Some slicers offer advanced anti-ooze features to manage material flow.
Filament Retraction Speed Filament retraction speed is the rate at which the extruder pulls back filament to prevent oozing and stringing during travel moves. Faster retraction speeds reduce oozing but can cause filament grinding or under-extrusion if set too high. Retraction speed is optimized based on material properties—flexible filaments require slower speeds, while rigid materials can handle faster retraction.
Filament Runout Sensor A filament runout sensor is a device that detects when the filament spool has run out or the filament breaks during printing. It pauses the print job, allowing the user to reload the filament and resume the process without losing progress. This sensor is particularly useful for long or complex prints where running out of filament mid-print can result in wasted time and material. Advanced runout sensors can also detect jams or irregular filament feeding. They are commonly included in modern 3D printers or available as upgrades for older models, offering convenience and reducing print failures.
Filament Snap Test A filament snap test is a simple method for assessing filament brittleness. By bending a short piece of filament, users can determine whether it is dry and flexible or brittle due to moisture absorption. Brittle filament may snap easily, indicating the need for drying before use. The snap test is particularly useful for materials like ABS, nylon, and PETG.
Filament Spool A filament spool is the reel on which 3D printer filament is wound for storage and use. Spools are typically standardized in size and fit onto the printer’s spool holder. Maintaining proper tension and avoiding tangles are important to ensure consistent feeding during printing. Some spools include tracking information, such as weight or filament length, for monitoring usage.
Filament Storage Filament storage is crucial for preserving filament quality, especially in humid environments. Moisture exposure can cause filaments like PLA, ABS, and nylon to absorb water, leading to issues like bubbles or weak prints. Filaments should be stored in airtight containers with desiccants to control humidity. Proper storage extends filament lifespan and ensures consistent print results.
Filament Swelling Filament swelling refers to the expansion of filament as it passes through the extruder and hot end. Some materials, like flexible filaments, are more prone to swelling, which can lead to extrusion issues and jams. Proper filament path design, cooling, and extruder tension adjustments can help minimize swelling. Using all-metal hot ends instead of PTFE-lined ones can also improve consistency.
Filament Tangle A filament tangle occurs when filament winds incorrectly on the spool, causing knots or resistance during printing. This can happen if the spool is improperly handled or if filament unwinds loosely before being fed into the extruder. Preventing tangles involves storing spools securely, using spool holders with guided feeding, and unwinding filament carefully before use.
Filament Tension Filament tension is the amount of force applied by the extruder gears when pulling filament into the hot end. Proper tension ensures smooth filament feeding without grinding or slipping. Too much tension can deform the filament, leading to jams, while too little tension can cause under-extrusion. Adjustable tension settings in direct-drive and Bowden extruders allow fine-tuning for different filament types.
Filament Tracking System A filament tracking system monitors the amount of filament used and remaining on a spool. Some advanced 3D printers feature built-in tracking sensors that estimate filament usage based on extrusion length. Slicing software may also estimate filament consumption, helping users plan prints efficiently. Tracking systems help prevent mid-print failures caused by running out of material.
Filament Weight Sensor A filament weight sensor measures the remaining filament on a spool and alerts the user if there may not be enough to complete a print. Some 3D printers integrate these sensors with pause-and-resume functionality. They are particularly useful for large prints that require significant material consumption. Some advanced sensors can predict when to swap spools before running out.
Fill Density Fill density, also known as infill density, determines how much of a 3D-printed object’s interior is solid. It is expressed as a percentage and ranges from 0% (hollow) to 100% (completely solid). Lower fill densities reduce material use and print time, making them ideal for decorative objects or prototypes, while higher densities provide increased strength and durability for functional parts. Slicing software allows users to select various infill patterns, such as grid, honeycomb, or gyroid, which can affect the object’s weight, strength, and print time. Choosing the right fill density is essential for balancing performance and efficiency in 3D printing projects.
Fine Detail Printing Fine detail printing refers to achieving high-resolution prints with intricate features and smooth surfaces. It involves using smaller nozzles (e.g., 0.2mm) and lower layer heights (e.g., 0.1mm or less). Slower print speeds and precise temperature control are also critical. Fine detail printing is ideal for creating miniatures, detailed models, or functional parts requiring tight tolerances.
Fine Nozzle Printing Fine nozzle printing uses small-diameter nozzles (e.g., 0.2mm or 0.3mm) to achieve highly detailed prints with smooth surfaces. These nozzles allow for thin layers and intricate features, making them ideal for miniatures, models, and precision parts. However, they require slower print speeds and increased extrusion accuracy. Frequent cleaning is necessary to prevent clogs in fine nozzles.
Firmware Firmware refers to the embedded software programmed into a 3D printer’s control board to manage its functions. It acts as the bridge between the printer hardware and the slicing software, interpreting G-code commands and executing movements, heating, and extrusion. Popular firmware options include Marlin, Klipper, and RepRapFirmware, each offering customization and features for different printer setups. Updating or configuring firmware can unlock advanced capabilities such as auto-bed leveling, thermal protection, or filament runout detection. Proper firmware configuration is critical for ensuring printer reliability, safety, and optimal performance. Users often customize firmware settings to match hardware upgrades like new extruders or sensors.
Firmware Configuration File A firmware configuration file contains the settings that control a 3D printer’s behavior, such as stepper motor movement, temperature limits, and sensor settings. These files are edited when installing custom firmware like Marlin or Klipper. Configuring the file correctly ensures smooth operation and compatibility with hardware upgrades like new extruders, auto-bed leveling systems, or heated beds.
Firmware Update A firmware update involves installing new or modified software on a 3D printer's control board. Updates can add features, fix bugs, or improve printer performance. For example, installing Marlin firmware might introduce support for auto-bed leveling or filament runout sensors. Users should always back up settings before updating firmware and follow manufacturer guidelines to avoid compatibility issues.
First Layer Adhesion First layer adhesion refers to how well the first layer of a 3D print sticks to the build platform. Proper adhesion is critical for the success of a print, as poor adhesion can lead to warping, curling, or complete print failure. Factors affecting first layer adhesion include bed leveling, nozzle height, bed temperature, and the use of adhesion aids such as glue sticks, painter’s tape, or build plate surfaces like PEI. Ensuring proper first layer adhesion is especially important for materials prone to warping, such as ABS or nylon. A well-adhered first layer sets the foundation for a successful print.
First Layer Height First layer height refers to the thickness of the first printed layer. It is often set slightly thicker than subsequent layers to improve adhesion to the build platform. Proper first layer height depends on factors like nozzle size, filament type, and bed leveling. A well-calibrated first layer height ensures better adhesion, a smooth base, and overall print success.
Flexible Bed Adhesion Flexible bed adhesion refers to how well a print sticks to a flexible print surface, such as spring steel sheets with PEI or textured coatings. These beds allow prints to adhere firmly during printing and release easily when flexed. Adjusting print bed temperature and first-layer settings ensures optimal adhesion. Good flexible bed adhesion reduces the need for adhesives like glue sticks.
Flexible Filament Flexible filament is a category of 3D printing material characterized by its elasticity and bendability. Common types include TPU (thermoplastic polyurethane) and TPE (thermoplastic elastomers). Flexible filaments are used to create objects that require stretchability or impact resistance, such as phone cases, tires, gaskets, and wearable devices. Printing with flexible filaments can be challenging, as they require lower print speeds, proper extrusion calibration, and often a direct-drive extruder to prevent jamming. The flexibility and durability of these materials make them valuable for both functional and aesthetic applications in 3D printing, enabling designs that rigid filaments cannot achieve.
Flexible Print Surface A flexible print surface is a removable and bendable sheet that makes detaching prints easier. After the print is complete, the surface can be flexed to release the object without damaging it. Materials like spring steel or magnetic sheets with PEI or textured coatings are popular choices. Flexible surfaces reduce the need for tools and simplify post-print handling.
Flow Calibration Flow calibration ensures the correct amount of filament is extruded during printing. By testing and adjusting the extrusion multiplier in slicing software, users can correct issues like over-extrusion (excess material) or under-extrusion (insufficient material). Proper calibration is crucial for achieving dimensional accuracy, strong layer adhesion, and smooth surfaces in 3D prints.
Flow Rate Flow rate refers to the amount of filament extruded by the 3D printer over a specific period. It is expressed as a percentage in slicing software and can be adjusted to fine-tune extrusion during printing. A higher flow rate increases the amount of material extruded, which can improve layer bonding but risks over-extrusion. Conversely, a lower flow rate reduces extrusion and can lead to under-extrusion. Adjusting the flow rate is often necessary when switching filament types or calibrating a printer. Proper flow rate settings ensure consistent material deposition, optimal layer adhesion, and smooth surface finishes.
Frame The frame is the structural foundation of a 3D printer. It supports the mechanical components and provides stability during printing. Printer frames are typically made from materials like aluminum, steel, or acrylic. A rigid frame minimizes vibrations, ensuring precise movements and high-quality prints. Some open-frame designs prioritize accessibility, while enclosed frames improve temperature control and safety.
Friction Friction in 3D printing refers to the resistance between moving parts, such as filament passing through the extruder or the printer’s mechanical components. Excessive friction can cause wear on parts or lead to issues like filament jams. Using lubricants on mechanical components and ensuring smooth filament feeding can minimize friction, resulting in smoother printer operation and higher-quality prints.
Friction Coefficient In 3D printing, the friction coefficient refers to the level of resistance between components like filament and the extruder, or the printer’s moving parts. Low-friction components, such as PTFE tubes or smooth bearings, improve material flow and reduce wear on the machine. Optimizing friction levels ensures consistent performance, prevents jams, and prolongs the lifespan of critical components.
Full Density Full density refers to a 3D-printed object that is completely solid, with 100% infill. This setting maximizes strength and durability but significantly increases print time and material usage. Full density is ideal for parts that will endure high stress, such as mechanical components or tools. However, it’s often unnecessary for decorative objects or prototypes, where lower infill percentages suffice.
Fume Extraction Fume extraction refers to the process of removing harmful fumes and particulates generated during 3D printing, especially when using materials like ABS or nylon. Dedicated fume extraction systems often include HEPA or carbon filters to capture and neutralize pollutants. These systems are essential for maintaining air quality and safety, particularly in enclosed spaces or professional environments.
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the most common and accessible 3D printing technologies. It works by extruding melted thermoplastic filament through a heated nozzle, which deposits material layer by layer onto a build platform. The process continues until the 3D object is fully formed. FDM is widely used due to its simplicity, affordability, and ability to use various materials, such as PLA, ABS, and PETG. While it excels in producing functional prototypes and models, it can struggle with fine details and requires supports for overhanging structures. It's a go-to choice for hobbyists, educators, and professionals.