USA Glossary and Reference Guide to 3D Printing Terminology and Concepts

Glossary of 3D Printing Terms [42]

L Laminated Build Surfaces Laminated build surfaces are specially designed print beds that offer enhanced adhesion and durability. These surfaces, often made from layers of PEI (Polyetherimide), Garolite, or glass with coatings, provide a smooth and heat-resistant platform for printing. Laminated beds prevent warping by evenly distributing heat and improving first-layer adhesion. They are compatible with multiple filament types, from PLA to ABS, without requiring additional adhesives. Unlike untreated glass beds, laminated surfaces reduce the likelihood of prints detaching mid-job. Regular cleaning and maintenance ensure these surfaces remain effective over long-term use.
Laminated Carbon Fiber 3D Printing Laminated carbon fiber 3D printing is an advanced technique where carbon fiber sheets are layered and combined with a polymer matrix, resulting in ultra-strong, lightweight parts. Unlike traditional 3D-printed carbon fiber filaments, this process produces fully reinforced components with superior mechanical properties. Aerospace, automotive, and high-performance sporting industries use laminated carbon fiber prints for structural applications. The layering process allows manufacturers to control fiber orientation, optimizing strength in specific directions. While highly effective, this method requires specialized equipment and post-processing techniques to ensure adhesion between layers.
Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) is an additive manufacturing process where layers of adhesive-coated material, such as paper, plastic, or metal foil, are stacked and cut to shape using a laser or blade. Unlike FDM or SLA, LOM does not require high temperatures or specialized resins, making it cost-effective for large-scale prototyping. The process produces strong, wood-like parts with good structural integrity but limited detail resolution. LOM is commonly used for architectural models, industrial patterns, and low-cost prototyping. However, post-processing is often required to remove excess material and improve surface finish.
Laser Calibration for Bed Leveling Laser calibration for bed leveling is an advanced technique that uses laser sensors to precisely measure deviations in the build plate’s surface. Unlike traditional mechanical probes, laser-based systems offer non-contact measurement, reducing wear and improving accuracy. This method ensures a perfectly leveled bed, which is essential for consistent first-layer adhesion and print quality. Laser calibration is particularly useful for large-format and industrial 3D printers where manual leveling would be impractical. While more expensive than traditional auto-bed leveling systems, laser calibration improves repeatability, minimizes human error, and reduces print failures due to uneven extrusion.
Laser Engraving on 3D Prints Laser engraving is a post-processing technique used to etch patterns, text, or logos onto 3D-printed objects. This process is often performed using CO2 or fiber lasers, which remove material from the surface with precision. It is particularly effective on materials like wood-filled PLA, acrylic, and anodized aluminum. Laser engraving enhances product customization, branding, and artistic detailing without requiring additional paint or post-processing. Some hybrid machines integrate both 3D printing and laser engraving, allowing users to create multi-functional designs. Proper speed and power settings prevent excessive burning, ensuring high-quality engraved details.
Laser Sintering Laser sintering is an advanced additive manufacturing process used in SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) and DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering), where a high-powered laser selectively fuses powdered material to create solid parts. Unlike FDM, laser sintering doesn’t require support structures because unsintered powder acts as a natural support. This technology is widely used in aerospace, automotive, and medical applications due to its ability to produce strong, highly detailed parts with complex geometries. Post-processing typically includes depowdering, heat treatment, or polishing. Though expensive, laser sintering enables the creation of industrial-grade components with excellent mechanical properties.
Laser Spot Size in SLA Printing Laser spot size refers to the diameter of the laser beam used in SLA (Stereolithography) and SLS (Selective Laser Sintering) printing. A smaller spot size, typically in the range of 50-100 microns, results in higher precision and finer details, while larger spot sizes increase print speed but reduce resolution. Laser calibration ensures the beam remains sharp, preventing unintended light dispersion that can cause over-curing of resin or inaccuracies in powder sintering. High-end SLA printers often feature adjustable spot sizes for optimizing speed and detail based on the print requirements.
Lattice Optimization for Strength and Flexibility Lattice optimization is a design technique that uses lightweight, repetitive structures to balance strength and flexibility in 3D-printed objects. Advanced algorithms generate lattice geometries that distribute forces efficiently while reducing material usage. This method is commonly employed in aerospace, medical implants, and protective gear, where minimizing weight is critical. Flexible lattices allow for impact absorption, while rigid ones enhance load-bearing capacity. Modern CAD tools integrate lattice generation, enabling users to customize density and orientation based on specific performance requirements. The result is a highly efficient structure that maintains durability while remaining lightweight.
Lattice Structures in 3D Printing Lattice structures are intricate, repeating geometric patterns used within 3D-printed parts to reduce weight while maintaining strength. Common lattice designs include honeycomb, gyroid, and Voronoi patterns, which distribute stress efficiently. These structures are widely used in aerospace, medical implants, and automotive components, where weight reduction is critical. Generative design algorithms optimize lattice structures for maximum performance, ensuring durability with minimal material use. Additionally, lattice infill improves cooling rates and reduces warping in thermoplastics. Advanced slicers allow users to control lattice density, tailoring mechanical properties to specific applications.
Layer Adhesion Layer adhesion is a crucial factor in 3D printing that determines the strength of a printed object by ensuring successive layers bond properly. Poor layer adhesion can result in weak prints that delaminate or crack under stress. Factors affecting adhesion include extrusion temperature, print speed, cooling settings, and material choice. Higher temperatures typically improve adhesion by allowing the filament to fully bond with the previous layer, while excessive cooling can cause premature solidification and weak bonding. Optimizing slicer settings and print orientation can significantly improve layer adhesion. This is especially important for functional prints that require high mechanical strength.
Layer Bridging Techniques Layer bridging is the ability of a 3D printer to extrude filament across open gaps without support structures. Successful bridging depends on cooling, print speed, and material properties. PLA performs well for bridging due to its quick cooling characteristics, while materials like ABS require slower speeds to prevent sagging. Slicer settings, such as fan speed adjustments and coasting, help improve bridge performance. Proper nozzle calibration also ensures even extrusion, reducing stringing and drooping. Bridging is essential for optimizing print efficiency, as it reduces the need for supports, saving material and post-processing time.
Layer Height Layer height is a critical setting in 3D printing that determines the thickness of each individual layer in a print. Measured in microns or millimeters, it affects both print resolution and speed. Lower layer heights, such as 0.1 mm, produce smoother, more detailed surfaces but take longer to complete, while higher layer heights, such as 0.3 mm, print faster but may result in visible layer lines. The ideal layer height depends on the printer's nozzle size, material properties, and the desired balance between detail and efficiency. Choosing the correct layer height is essential for optimizing print quality and structural integrity.
Layer Resolution Layer resolution refers to the vertical precision of a 3D printer, defined by the minimum layer height it can achieve. A lower layer height, such as 50 microns (0.05 mm), results in smoother surfaces and finer details, while higher layer heights, such as 300 microns (0.3 mm), print faster but with more visible layer lines. Layer resolution is determined by nozzle size, extruder precision, and the printer’s mechanical accuracy. Choosing the right layer resolution depends on the intended application—high resolution is ideal for intricate models, while low resolution suits rapid prototyping.
Layer Shifting Layer shifting is a 3D printing defect where layers become misaligned, causing the printed object to appear distorted or skewed. This issue is often caused by loose belts, improper motor calibration, or sudden printer movement. High-speed printing and unexpected external vibrations can also contribute to layer shifts. To prevent this issue, users should check belt tension, ensure smooth rail movement, and secure the printer on a stable surface. Advanced printers feature firmware settings, such as jerk and acceleration control, to minimize sudden shifts. Resolving layer shifting improves dimensional accuracy and ensures models print as designed.
Layer Skipping in 3D Printing Layer skipping occurs when a 3D printer fails to deposit material in certain layers, leading to gaps or weak spots in the final print. This issue can result from clogged nozzles, stepper motor missteps, overheating drivers, or loose belts causing inconsistent movement. Skipped layers compromise the structural integrity of a print, often making it unusable. To prevent this, users should regularly clean the nozzle, check belt tension, and ensure that stepper motors receive adequate power. Some advanced 3D printers feature error detection to pause the print when skipping is detected, reducing material waste.
Layer Warping Prevention Techniques Layer warping occurs when cooling inconsistencies cause printed layers to shrink unevenly, leading to curling or detachment from the print bed. Preventing warping involves using a heated bed, controlling ambient temperatures, and applying adhesion aids like glue, PEI sheets, or textured surfaces. Enclosed printers reduce external airflow disruptions, maintaining consistent heat distribution. Adjusting slicer settings, such as reducing cooling fan speed and optimizing first-layer height, also improves adhesion. Filament choice plays a key role—PLA is less prone to warping, while ABS and nylon require careful temperature control. Preventing layer warping ensures better print accuracy and durability.
LED Curing for Resin Printing LED curing is a post-processing technique used in SLA, DLP, and MSLA resin printing to strengthen and finalize prints. UV LEDs emit specific wavelengths of light to cure photopolymer resin, completing the polymerization process. Proper curing enhances a part’s mechanical properties, making it more rigid and durable. Over-curing can lead to brittleness, while under-curing may leave resin prints tacky or weak. Specialized UV curing stations provide controlled exposure, ensuring uniform hardening. Some printers incorporate built-in LED curing, allowing for automatic post-processing. Proper curing is essential for achieving long-lasting, dimensionally accurate resin prints.
LIDAR Scanning for Print Accuracy LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scanning is a technology used in high-end 3D printers to measure print accuracy in real-time. By using laser pulses to map surface dimensions, LIDAR can detect height inconsistencies, warping, or nozzle deviations. Some modern FDM and resin printers incorporate LIDAR to ensure layer precision, automatically adjusting parameters if an error is detected. This feature is particularly useful in industrial applications where dimensional accuracy is critical. Although LIDAR increases machine cost, it significantly improves print reliability and reduces manual calibration efforts, making it a valuable addition to professional-grade 3D printers.
Lightweight 3D-Printed Prosthetics Lightweight 3D-printed prosthetics leverage additive manufacturing to create functional, affordable limb replacements tailored to individual users. Using lattice structures and optimized material distribution, these prosthetics reduce weight while maintaining strength. Materials like PETG, reinforced nylon, and TPU provide flexibility and durability for daily use. Open-source designs allow for widespread customization, enabling low-cost production in medical and humanitarian fields. Advances in scanning technology have improved prosthetic fitting accuracy, making 3D-printed prosthetics an increasingly viable alternative to traditional manufacturing. Post-processing steps, like smoothing and reinforcement, enhance usability and comfort for wearers.
Lightweight Composite Filaments Lightweight composite filaments are advanced 3D printing materials that integrate foaming agents, hollow microspheres, or fiber reinforcements to reduce part weight while maintaining strength. Examples include carbon fiber-infused nylon, glass-filled PETG, and aerated PLA. These filaments are widely used in drone manufacturing, automotive prototyping, and aerospace applications, where minimizing weight improves efficiency. Specialized extruder setups may be required to optimize print settings, as composite filaments often require hardened steel nozzles to prevent wear. By reducing material usage without compromising mechanical properties, lightweight composite filaments contribute to more efficient and functional end-use prints.
Lignin-Based Biodegradable Filaments Lignin-based biodegradable filaments are an eco-friendly alternative to petroleum-based plastics in 3D printing. Lignin, a natural polymer found in plant cell walls, enhances filament strength while improving decomposition rates. Blended with PLA or other biodegradable resins, lignin-based filaments maintain printability while offering improved sustainability. These filaments are particularly valuable for environmental applications, such as compostable packaging, temporary structures, or plant-based prototypes. Research continues into optimizing lignin’s extrusion properties, making it a promising material for reducing 3D printing’s environmental impact while maintaining mechanical integrity.
Linear Advance in Extrusion Control Linear advance is a firmware feature that improves extrusion consistency by compensating for pressure buildup inside the hot end. Traditional extrusion relies on a fixed flow rate, which can cause over-extrusion at corners and under-extrusion during rapid movement. Linear advance predicts filament behavior and dynamically adjusts flow, leading to cleaner corners, sharper details, and reduced stringing. This setting is particularly useful in high-speed printing, where precise control over material flow is necessary. Most modern 3D printers support linear advance adjustments, allowing users to fine-tune settings for optimal extrusion performance.
Linear Bearings in 3D Printers Linear bearings are components that facilitate smooth, precise movement along a printer’s X, Y, and Z axes. They are commonly found in Cartesian and CoreXY printers, where accurate motion control is essential for high-quality prints. Linear bearings reduce friction, allowing for smoother motion with minimal resistance. High-end printers use precision-machined bearings with self-lubricating properties, while budget models may rely on brass bushings. Poorly maintained or low-quality bearings can cause artifacts such as layer shifting or vibrations in prints. Regular lubrication and cleaning help maintain optimal performance and extend the lifespan of the printer.
Liquid Cooling in 3D Printing Liquid cooling is a thermal management system used in high-performance 3D printers to regulate the temperature of the hot end and other critical components. Unlike traditional air-cooled setups, liquid cooling circulates coolant through a closed system, dissipating heat more efficiently. This method is particularly useful for high-temperature filaments like PEEK and PEI, where stable temperatures are crucial for print quality. Liquid cooling systems prevent thermal expansion inconsistencies, reduce overheating risks, and enable faster extrusion without filament degradation. Although more complex and costly than air cooling, liquid-cooled setups enhance long-term reliability and precision in industrial 3D printing applications.
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) in MSLA Printing Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology is a key component in MSLA (Masked Stereolithography) 3D printing, where UV light passes through an LCD screen to cure resin layer by layer. Unlike traditional SLA, which uses a single-point laser, MSLA cures entire layers simultaneously, speeding up print times. Higher-resolution LCD screens result in finer detail, making them ideal for miniatures, dental models, and jewelry. Over time, LCD screens degrade due to prolonged UV exposure and may require replacement. Advances in monochrome LCD technology have improved lifespan, allowing for faster exposure times and better resin curing efficiency.
Liquid Metal Printing (LMP) Liquid Metal Printing (LMP) is an advanced 3D printing process that extrudes molten metal to create solid objects. Unlike traditional powder-bed fusion methods, LMP enables continuous printing with reduced material waste and higher speed. This technology is being explored for aerospace, automotive, and industrial applications where rapid metal part production is needed. LMP systems operate similarly to FDM printers but require specialized cooling and handling due to the extreme temperatures involved. This method offers promising advancements in cost-effective metal additive manufacturing, particularly for customized or low-volume production of high-strength components.
Liquid Resin Printing Liquid resin printing refers to additive manufacturing processes like SLA (Stereolithography) and DLP (Digital Light Processing), where photopolymer resin is selectively cured using ultraviolet (UV) light to form solid objects. Unlike traditional FDM printing, which extrudes filament, resin printing achieves extremely high resolution, making it ideal for miniatures, dental applications, and jewelry. However, it requires post-processing, including washing the print in isopropyl alcohol and curing it under UV light to enhance strength. Despite producing smooth, detailed prints, resin printing involves handling toxic chemicals, necessitating proper ventilation and protective gear. Advances in resin technology continue to improve its accessibility and versatility.
Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) 3D Printing Liquid Silicone Rubber (LSR) 3D printing is an emerging technique that allows the additive manufacturing of flexible, durable silicone parts. Unlike traditional molded silicone, LSR printing enables complex geometries without the need for expensive molds. This method is widely used in medical applications, wearable devices, and gaskets due to silicone’s biocompatibility and resistance to extreme temperatures. LSR printing requires specialized extrusion systems that precisely control viscosity and curing times. Advances in this technology are expanding its applications, making it an alternative to injection molding for small-scale, customized production.
Live Z Adjustment Live Z adjustment is a real-time calibration setting that allows users to fine-tune the nozzle-to-bed distance during a print. This is crucial for achieving a properly adhered first layer, as too much distance results in weak adhesion, while too little causes filament smearing or clogging. Many printers with auto-bed leveling still benefit from manual Live Z tuning to refine the perfect first-layer height. Adjustments are typically made in small increments, ensuring even extrusion across the build surface. Consistently using Live Z adjustments improves print reliability, especially when switching between different nozzle diameters or build plate surfaces.
Load-Bearing 3D Prints Load-bearing 3D prints are designed to handle significant mechanical stress and weight without failure. These prints require careful material selection, such as reinforced nylon, polycarbonate, or carbon fiber composites. The structural design must consider infill density, wall thickness, and orientation to maximize strength. Techniques like isotropic printing—where layers are aligned with stress points—help improve load distribution. Load-bearing components are commonly used in functional applications, such as drone frames, robotic arms, and mechanical brackets. Post-processing techniques, such as annealing or resin reinforcement, can further enhance a part’s ability to withstand high loads.
Localized Reinforcement in 3D Printing Localized reinforcement is a design strategy used to strengthen specific areas of a 3D print by increasing material density where needed. Instead of applying uniform infill or wall thickness, this technique selectively reinforces stress points, reducing material usage while improving structural integrity. Engineers use software tools to analyze weak areas and strategically adjust print settings. This method is particularly useful in load-bearing applications like drone arms, prosthetics, or robotic components. Some multi-material printers enable reinforcement using carbon fiber or Kevlar within a single print. Proper localized reinforcement results in stronger, lighter, and more efficient 3D-printed parts.
Long-Duration 3D Prints Long-duration 3D prints refer to projects that take several hours or even days to complete due to size, complexity, or fine layer resolution. Managing long prints requires reliable hardware, stable power supply, and effective filament management. Some printers feature filament runout sensors, power recovery modes, and remote monitoring systems to prevent failures. Large-format printing often involves using high-flow hot ends and optimized infill settings to reduce print time while maintaining part strength. Ensuring proper cooling and maintenance minimizes risks of overheating or mechanical failures, making long-duration prints feasible for professional and industrial applications.
Low-Density Infill for Lightweight Prints Low-density infill is a slicing technique that reduces material usage while maintaining structural integrity. Commonly used patterns include honeycomb, gyroid, and cubic infill, which provide strength while minimizing weight. This method is particularly useful for prototypes, cosplay props, and drone components where reducing mass is beneficial. The percentage of infill can be adjusted in slicer settings, typically ranging from 5% for lightweight models to 50% for reinforced parts. Choosing the right balance between infill density and strength ensures prints remain functional without unnecessary material waste.
Low-Emission Filament Printing Low-emission filament printing refers to using materials that produce minimal volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) during extrusion. PLA is a common low-emission filament, as it emits fewer harmful fumes compared to ABS or polycarbonate. Enclosed printers with HEPA and carbon filters further reduce airborne contaminants, improving indoor air quality. Low-emission printing is particularly beneficial in schools, offices, and home environments where ventilation may be limited. Manufacturers continue to develop eco-friendly, low-toxicity filaments to make 3D printing safer and more sustainable for users without sacrificing performance.
Low-Energy 3D Printing Techniques Low-energy 3D printing techniques focus on reducing power consumption while maintaining print quality. Energy-efficient printing involves optimizing heating elements, motion systems, and cooling fans to minimize waste. Some printers use insulated hot ends and heated beds to retain temperature without excessive power use. Low-temperature filaments like PLA and PCL require less energy to process than high-performance materials. Solar-powered 3D printers and eco-friendly designs are becoming more popular in sustainability-focused projects. By adjusting slicer settings, users can optimize energy efficiency without compromising print quality, making additive manufacturing more environmentally friendly.
Low-Friction Filament Guide A low-friction filament guide is a component designed to minimize resistance as filament moves from the spool to the extruder. Using smooth PTFE tubes, precision bearings, or ceramic-coated channels, these guides prevent tangling, reduce drag, and improve extrusion consistency. This is particularly useful when printing flexible filaments like TPU, which can buckle under excessive resistance. Low-friction guides also help in Bowden extrusion systems, where long filament paths can cause feeding issues. Upgrading to low-friction components improves print reliability, reduces extrusion inconsistencies, and extends the lifespan of both the filament and extruder mechanism.
Low-Mass Print Heads for Speed Optimization Low-mass print heads are designed to minimize weight while maintaining structural integrity, allowing for faster and more accurate movements. By reducing the mass of the extruder assembly, these print heads decrease inertia, improving print speed without sacrificing quality. Many high-speed printers utilize lightweight materials such as aluminum, titanium, or carbon fiber for their extruder mounts. This design is especially beneficial in CoreXY and Delta printers, where rapid acceleration and deceleration occur frequently. A lighter print head reduces mechanical strain on stepper motors, extending the printer’s lifespan and enabling higher efficiency in large-scale or rapid production environments.
Low-Noise 3D Printing Low-noise 3D printing focuses on reducing operational sound levels, making printers more suitable for home, office, and educational environments. Stepper motor drivers, such as TMC2208 or TMC2209, significantly lower motor noise by providing smoother motion. Additionally, dampers, silent cooling fans, and vibration-reducing feet help minimize acoustic disturbances. Enclosed printers further reduce noise by containing vibrations and airflow sounds. Proper lubrication of linear bearings and belts prevents unnecessary squeaking or grinding. Low-noise printing is particularly beneficial for overnight or long-duration prints, ensuring minimal disruption in shared spaces while maintaining print quality.
Low-Poly 3D Printing Low-poly 3D printing refers to creating models with simplified geometric shapes, typically composed of large, flat polygons. These designs reduce file complexity, shorten slicing and printing times, and require less material while maintaining artistic appeal. Low-poly prints are particularly popular in decorative pieces, gaming models, and stylized figurines. Due to their angular design, these prints often require minimal post-processing since they naturally mask layer lines. Many artists and designers intentionally create low-poly models to balance aesthetics with print efficiency. Optimizing print settings, such as reducing infill and layer height, further enhances the speed and cost-effectiveness of low-poly printing.
Low-Temperature Filaments Low-temperature filaments are 3D printing materials that require relatively low extrusion temperatures, typically below 200°C. PLA is the most common low-temperature filament, as it prints well at around 180-210°C and does not require a heated bed. Other options include specialty filaments like PCL (Polycaprolactone), which prints at just 60°C and is biodegradable. These materials are ideal for beginners and educational environments due to their ease of use and reduced risk of heat-related printing issues. However, low-temperature filaments may lack the durability and heat resistance of high-performance alternatives like ABS or polycarbonate.
Low-Warp Filaments Low-warp filaments are specially formulated materials that resist warping, a common issue in 3D printing where parts lift or curl due to uneven cooling. Filaments like PLA, PETG, and ASA exhibit minimal warping compared to ABS or nylon, making them easier to print without requiring a heated bed or enclosure. Proper bed adhesion techniques, such as using PEI sheets, glue sticks, or brims, further help in reducing warping. Low-warp materials are particularly useful for large prints or objects with wide bases that need strong first-layer adhesion.
Lubrication in 3D Printer Maintenance Lubrication is an essential maintenance step for ensuring smooth motion in a 3D printer’s linear rails, lead screws, and bearings. Proper lubrication reduces friction, prevents wear, and minimizes noise during operation. Common lubricants include PTFE-based dry lubricants for belts and grease for metal components. Applying too much lubricant can attract dust, leading to buildup and reduced performance. Regular lubrication extends the lifespan of mechanical parts, improving print consistency and reducing vibrations. It’s especially crucial in high-speed printers where friction can cause inaccuracies over time. Following manufacturer recommendations ensures optimal lubrication without damaging sensitive components.